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README.md
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- Time handling.
- Parameterized contracts.
- [Lecture #4](https://youtu.be/g4lvA14I-Jg)
- Monads.
- The `EmulatorTrace`-monad.
- The `Contract`-monad.
## Code Examples
- Lecture #1: [English Auction](code/week01)
- Lecture #2: [Simple validation](code/week02)
- Lecture #3: [Script Context & Parameterized Contracts](code/week03)
- Lecture #4: [Monad, Traces & Contracts](code/week04)
## Exercises
@ -62,6 +69,11 @@
- Fix and complete the code in the [Homework1](code/week03/src/Week03/Homework1.hs) module.
- Fix and complete the code in the [Homework2](code/week03/src/Week03/Homework2.hs) module.
- Week #4
- Implement function `payTrace` in the [Homework](code/week04/src/Week04/Homework.hs) module.
- Handle exceptions thrown by `submitTx` in function `payContract` in the same module.
## Some Plutus Modules
- [`Language.Marlowe.Semantics`](https://github.com/input-output-hk/plutus/blob/master/marlowe/src/Language/Marlowe/Semantics.hs), contains Marlowe types and semantics.

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{
"name": "Plutus Starter Project",
"image": "plutus-devcontainer:latest",
"remoteUser": "plutus",
"mounts": [
// This shares cabal's remote repository state with the host. We don't mount the whole of '.cabal', because
// 1. '.cabal/config' contains absolute paths that will only make sense on the host, and
// 2. '.cabal/store' is not necessarily portable to different version of cabal etc.
"source=${localEnv:HOME}/.cabal/packages,target=/home/plutus/.cabal/packages,type=bind,consistency=cached",
],
"settings": {
// Note: don't change from bash so it runs .bashrc
"terminal.integrated.shell.linux": "/bin/bash"
},
// IDs of extensions inside container
"extensions": [
"haskell.haskell"
],
}

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dist-newstyle/

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-- public static int foo() {
-- ...
-- }
--
-- ...
--
-- ... foo() ... foo()
-- foo :: Int
-- foo = ...
-- let x = foo in ... x ... x ...
-- ... foo ... foo ...
-- foo :: IO Int
-- foo = ...
main :: IO ()
main = bar -- putStrLn "Hello, world!"
bar :: IO ()
bar = getLine >>= \s ->
getLine >>= \t ->
putStrLn (s ++ t)

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index-state: 2021-07-07T00:00:00Z
packages: ./.
-- You never, ever, want this.
write-ghc-environment-files: never
-- Always build tests and benchmarks.
tests: true
benchmarks: true
source-repository-package
type: git
location: https://github.com/input-output-hk/plutus.git
subdir:
freer-extras
playground-common
plutus-chain-index
plutus-core
plutus-contract
plutus-ledger
plutus-ledger-api
plutus-tx
plutus-tx-plugin
prettyprinter-configurable
quickcheck-dynamic
word-array
tag: 2fbb7abb22138a434bb6c4f663a81e9b9dc51e98
-- The following sections are copied from the 'plutus' repository cabal.project at the revision
-- given above.
-- This is necessary because the 'plutus' libraries depend on a number of other libraries which are
-- not on Hackage, and so need to be pulled in as `source-repository-package`s themselves. Make sure to
-- re-update this section from the template when you do an upgrade.
-- This is also needed so evenful-sql-common will build with a
-- newer version of persistent. See stack.yaml for the mirrored
-- configuration.
package eventful-sql-common
ghc-options: -XDerivingStrategies -XStandaloneDeriving -XUndecidableInstances -XDataKinds -XFlexibleInstances -XMultiParamTypeClasses
allow-newer:
-- Pins to an old version of Template Haskell, unclear if/when it will be updated
size-based:template-haskell
-- The following two dependencies are needed by plutus.
, eventful-sql-common:persistent
, eventful-sql-common:persistent-template
, ouroboros-consensus-byron:formatting
, beam-core:aeson
, beam-sqlite:aeson
, beam-sqlite:dlist
, beam-migrate:aeson
constraints:
-- big breaking change here, inline-r doens't have an upper bound
singletons < 3.0
-- breaks eventful even more than it already was
, persistent-template < 2.12
-- bizarre issue: in earlier versions they define their own 'GEq', in newer
-- ones they reuse the one from 'some', but there isn't e.g. a proper version
-- constraint from dependent-sum-template (which is the library we actually use).
, dependent-sum > 0.6.2.0
-- See the note on nix/pkgs/default.nix:agdaPackages for why this is here.
-- (NOTE this will change to ieee754 in newer versions of nixpkgs).
extra-packages: ieee, filemanip
-- Drops an instance breaking our code. Should be released to Hackage eventually.
source-repository-package
type: git
location: https://github.com/Quid2/flat.git
tag: 95e5d7488451e43062ca84d5376b3adcc465f1cd
-- Needs some patches, but upstream seems to be fairly dead (no activity in > 1 year)
source-repository-package
type: git
location: https://github.com/shmish111/purescript-bridge.git
tag: 6a92d7853ea514be8b70bab5e72077bf5a510596
source-repository-package
type: git
location: https://github.com/shmish111/servant-purescript.git
tag: a76104490499aa72d40c2790d10e9383e0dbde63
source-repository-package
type: git
location: https://github.com/input-output-hk/cardano-crypto.git
tag: ce8f1934e4b6252084710975bd9bbc0a4648ece4
source-repository-package
type: git
location: https://github.com/input-output-hk/cardano-base
tag: a715c7f420770b70bbe95ca51d3dec83866cb1bd
subdir:
binary
binary/test
slotting
cardano-crypto-class
cardano-crypto-praos
cardano-crypto-tests
strict-containers
source-repository-package
type: git
location: https://github.com/input-output-hk/cardano-prelude
tag: fd773f7a58412131512b9f694ab95653ac430852
subdir:
cardano-prelude
cardano-prelude-test
source-repository-package
type: git
location: https://github.com/input-output-hk/ouroboros-network
tag: e338f2cf8e1078fbda9555dd2b169c6737ef6774
subdir:
monoidal-synchronisation
typed-protocols
typed-protocols-examples
ouroboros-network
ouroboros-network-testing
ouroboros-network-framework
ouroboros-consensus
ouroboros-consensus-byron
ouroboros-consensus-cardano
ouroboros-consensus-shelley
io-sim
io-classes
network-mux
source-repository-package
type: git
location: https://github.com/input-output-hk/iohk-monitoring-framework
tag: 34abfb7f4f5610cabb45396e0496472446a0b2ca
subdir:
iohk-monitoring
tracer-transformers
contra-tracer
plugins/backend-aggregation
plugins/backend-ekg
plugins/backend-monitoring
plugins/backend-trace-forwarder
plugins/scribe-systemd
source-repository-package
type: git
location: https://github.com/input-output-hk/cardano-ledger-specs
tag: ad951f017b5da37a622fb91b2ee2954d5eba201d
subdir:
byron/chain/executable-spec
byron/crypto
byron/crypto/test
byron/ledger/executable-spec
byron/ledger/impl
byron/ledger/impl/test
semantics/executable-spec
semantics/small-steps-test
shelley/chain-and-ledger/dependencies/non-integer
shelley/chain-and-ledger/executable-spec
shelley/chain-and-ledger/shelley-spec-ledger-test
shelley-ma/impl
cardano-ledger-core
alonzo/impl
-- A lot of plutus dependencies have to be synchronized with the dependencies of
-- cardano-node. If you update cardano-node, please make sure that all dependencies
-- of cardano-node are also updated.
source-repository-package
type: git
location: https://github.com/input-output-hk/cardano-node.git
tag: f3ef4ed72894499160f2330b91572a159005c148
subdir:
cardano-api
cardano-node
cardano-cli
cardano-config
source-repository-package
type: git
location: https://github.com/input-output-hk/Win32-network
tag: 94153b676617f8f33abe8d8182c37377d2784bd1
source-repository-package
type: git
location: https://github.com/input-output-hk/hedgehog-extras
tag: 8bcd3c9dc22cc44f9fcfe161f4638a384fc7a187
-- The following dependencies are not mirrored in the
-- stack.yaml file, but they are needed regardless by cabal.
source-repository-package
type: git
location: https://github.com/input-output-hk/goblins
tag: cde90a2b27f79187ca8310b6549331e59595e7ba

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cradle:
cabal:
- path: "./src"
component: "lib:plutus-pioneer-program-week04"
- path: "./app/hello.hs"
component: "exe:hello"

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Cabal-Version: 2.4
Name: plutus-pioneer-program-week04
Version: 0.1.0.0
Author: Lars Bruenjes
Maintainer: brunjlar@gmail.com
Build-Type: Simple
Copyright: © 2021 Lars Bruenjes
License: Apache-2.0
License-files: LICENSE
library
hs-source-dirs: src
exposed-modules: Week04.Contract
, Week04.Either
, Week04.Homework
, Week04.Maybe
, Week04.Monad
, Week04.Solution
, Week04.Trace
, Week04.Writer
other-modules: Week04.Vesting
build-depends: aeson
, base ^>=4.14.1.0
, containers
, data-default
, freer-extras
, playground-common
, plutus-contract
, plutus-ledger
, plutus-ledger-api
, plutus-tx-plugin
, plutus-tx
, text
default-language: Haskell2010
ghc-options: -Wall -fobject-code -fno-ignore-interface-pragmas -fno-omit-interface-pragmas -fno-strictness -fno-spec-constr -fno-specialise
executable hello
hs-source-dirs: app
main-is: hello.hs
build-depends: base ^>=4.14.1.0
default-language: Haskell2010
ghc-options: -Wall -O2

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{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TypeApplications #-}
{-# LANGUAGE DataKinds #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TypeOperators #-}
module Week04.Contract where
import Control.Monad.Freer.Extras as Extras
import Data.Functor (void)
import Data.Text (Text, unpack)
import Data.Void (Void)
import Plutus.Contract as Contract
import Plutus.Trace.Emulator as Emulator
import Wallet.Emulator.Wallet
-- Contract w s e a
-- EmulatorTrace a
myContract1 :: Contract () Empty Text ()
myContract1 = do
void $ Contract.throwError "BOOM!"
Contract.logInfo @String "hello from the contract"
myTrace1 :: EmulatorTrace ()
myTrace1 = void $ activateContractWallet (Wallet 1) myContract1
test1 :: IO ()
test1 = runEmulatorTraceIO myTrace1
myContract2 :: Contract () Empty Void ()
myContract2 = Contract.handleError
(\err -> Contract.logError $ "caught: " ++ unpack err)
myContract1
myTrace2 :: EmulatorTrace ()
myTrace2 = void $ activateContractWallet (Wallet 1) myContract2
test2 :: IO ()
test2 = runEmulatorTraceIO myTrace2
type MySchema = Endpoint "foo" Int .\/ Endpoint "bar" String
myContract3 :: Contract () MySchema Text ()
myContract3 = do
n <- endpoint @"foo"
Contract.logInfo n
s <- endpoint @"bar"
Contract.logInfo s
myTrace3 :: EmulatorTrace ()
myTrace3 = do
h <- activateContractWallet (Wallet 1) myContract3
callEndpoint @"foo" h 42
callEndpoint @"bar" h "Haskell"
test3 :: IO ()
test3 = runEmulatorTraceIO myTrace3
myContract4 :: Contract [Int] Empty Text ()
myContract4 = do
void $ Contract.waitNSlots 10
tell [1]
void $ Contract.waitNSlots 10
tell [2]
void $ Contract.waitNSlots 10
myTrace4 :: EmulatorTrace ()
myTrace4 = do
h <- activateContractWallet (Wallet 1) myContract4
void $ Emulator.waitNSlots 5
xs <- observableState h
Extras.logInfo $ show xs
void $ Emulator.waitNSlots 10
ys <- observableState h
Extras.logInfo $ show ys
void $ Emulator.waitNSlots 10
zs <- observableState h
Extras.logInfo $ show zs
test4 :: IO ()
test4 = runEmulatorTraceIO myTrace4

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module Week04.Either where
import Text.Read (readMaybe)
import Week04.Monad
readEither :: Read a => String -> Either String a
readEither s = case readMaybe s of
Nothing -> Left $ "can't parse: " ++ s
Just a -> Right a
foo :: String -> String -> String -> Either String Int
foo x y z = case readEither x of
Left err -> Left err
Right k -> case readEither y of
Left err -> Left err
Right l -> case readEither z of
Left err -> Left err
Right m -> Right (k + l + m)
bindEither :: Either String a -> (a -> Either String b) -> Either String b
bindEither (Left err) _ = Left err
bindEither (Right x) f = f x
foo' :: String -> String -> String -> Either String Int
foo' x y z = readEither x `bindEither` \k ->
readEither y `bindEither` \l ->
readEither z `bindEither` \m ->
Right (k + l + m)
foo'' :: String -> String -> String -> Either String Int
foo'' x y z = threeInts (readEither x) (readEither y) (readEither z)

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{-# LANGUAGE DataKinds #-}
{-# LANGUAGE DeriveAnyClass #-}
{-# LANGUAGE DeriveGeneric #-}
{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TypeApplications #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TypeOperators #-}
module Week04.Homework where
import Data.Aeson (FromJSON, ToJSON)
import Data.Functor (void)
import Data.Text (Text)
import GHC.Generics (Generic)
import Ledger
import Ledger.Ada as Ada
import Ledger.Constraints as Constraints
import Plutus.Contract as Contract
import Plutus.Trace.Emulator as Emulator
data PayParams = PayParams
{ ppRecipient :: PubKeyHash
, ppLovelace :: Integer
} deriving (Show, Generic, FromJSON, ToJSON)
type PaySchema = Endpoint "pay" PayParams
payContract :: Contract () PaySchema Text ()
payContract = do
pp <- endpoint @"pay"
let tx = mustPayToPubKey (ppRecipient pp) $ lovelaceValueOf $ ppLovelace pp
void $ submitTx tx
payContract
-- A trace that invokes the pay endpoint of payContract on Wallet 1 twice, each time with Wallet 2 as
-- recipient, but with amounts given by the two arguments. There should be a delay of one slot
-- after each endpoint call.
payTrace :: Integer -> Integer -> EmulatorTrace ()
payTrace _ _ = undefined -- IMPLEMENT ME!
payTest1 :: IO ()
payTest1 = runEmulatorTraceIO $ payTrace 1000000 2000000
payTest2 :: IO ()
payTest2 = runEmulatorTraceIO $ payTrace 1000000000 2000000

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module Week04.Maybe where
import Text.Read (readMaybe)
import Week04.Monad
foo :: String -> String -> String -> Maybe Int
foo x y z = case readMaybe x of
Nothing -> Nothing
Just k -> case readMaybe y of
Nothing -> Nothing
Just l -> case readMaybe z of
Nothing -> Nothing
Just m -> Just (k + l + m)
bindMaybe :: Maybe a -> (a -> Maybe b) -> Maybe b
bindMaybe Nothing _ = Nothing
bindMaybe (Just x) f = f x
foo' :: String -> String -> String -> Maybe Int
foo' x y z = readMaybe x `bindMaybe` \k ->
readMaybe y `bindMaybe` \l ->
readMaybe z `bindMaybe` \m ->
Just (k + l + m)
foo'' :: String -> String -> String -> Maybe Int
foo'' x y z = threeInts (readMaybe x) (readMaybe y) (readMaybe z)

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module Week04.Monad where
-- (>>=) :: IO a -> (a -> IO b) -> IO b
-- bindMaybe :: Maybe a -> (a -> Maybe b) -> Maybe b
-- bindEither :: Either String a -> (a -> Either String b) -> Either String b
-- bindWriter :: Writer a -> (a -> Writer b) -> Writer b
--
-- return :: a -> IO a
-- Just :: a -> Maybe a
-- Right :: a -> Either String a
-- (\a -> Writer a []) :: a -> Writer a
threeInts :: Monad m => m Int -> m Int -> m Int -> m Int
threeInts mx my mz =
mx >>= \k ->
my >>= \l ->
mz >>= \m ->
let s = k + l + m in return s
threeInts' :: Monad m => m Int -> m Int -> m Int -> m Int
threeInts' mx my mz = do
k <- mx
l <- my
m <- mz
let s = k + l + m
return s

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{-# LANGUAGE DataKinds #-}
{-# LANGUAGE DeriveAnyClass #-}
{-# LANGUAGE DeriveGeneric #-}
{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TypeApplications #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TypeOperators #-}
module Week04.Solution where
import Data.Aeson (FromJSON, ToJSON)
import Data.Functor (void)
import Data.Text (Text, unpack)
import GHC.Generics (Generic)
import Ledger
import Ledger.Ada as Ada
import Ledger.Constraints as Constraints
import Plutus.Contract as Contract
import Plutus.Trace.Emulator as Emulator
import Wallet.Emulator.Wallet
data PayParams = PayParams
{ ppRecipient :: PubKeyHash
, ppLovelace :: Integer
} deriving (Show, Generic, FromJSON, ToJSON)
type PaySchema = Endpoint "pay" PayParams
payContract :: Contract () PaySchema Text ()
payContract = do
pp <- endpoint @"pay"
let tx = mustPayToPubKey (ppRecipient pp) $ lovelaceValueOf $ ppLovelace pp
handleError (\err -> Contract.logInfo $ "caught error: " ++ unpack err) $ void $ submitTx tx
payContract
payTrace :: Integer -> Integer -> EmulatorTrace ()
payTrace x y = do
h <- activateContractWallet (Wallet 1) payContract
let pkh = pubKeyHash $ walletPubKey $ Wallet 2
callEndpoint @"pay" h $ PayParams
{ ppRecipient = pkh
, ppLovelace = x
}
void $ Emulator.waitNSlots 1
callEndpoint @"pay" h $ PayParams
{ ppRecipient = pkh
, ppLovelace = y
}
void $ Emulator.waitNSlots 1
payTest1 :: IO ()
payTest1 = runEmulatorTraceIO $ payTrace 1000000 2000000
payTest2 :: IO ()
payTest2 = runEmulatorTraceIO $ payTrace 1000000000 2000000

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{-# LANGUAGE TypeApplications #-}
{-# LANGUAGE DataKinds #-}
module Week04.Trace where
import Control.Monad.Freer.Extras as Extras
import Data.Default (Default (..))
import Data.Functor (void)
import Ledger
import Ledger.TimeSlot
import Plutus.Trace.Emulator as Emulator
import Wallet.Emulator.Wallet
import Week04.Vesting
-- Contract w s e a
-- EmulatorTrace a
test :: IO ()
test = runEmulatorTraceIO myTrace
myTrace :: EmulatorTrace ()
myTrace = do
h1 <- activateContractWallet (Wallet 1) endpoints
h2 <- activateContractWallet (Wallet 2) endpoints
callEndpoint @"give" h1 $ GiveParams
{ gpBeneficiary = pubKeyHash $ walletPubKey $ Wallet 2
, gpDeadline = slotToBeginPOSIXTime def 20
, gpAmount = 10000000
}
void $ waitUntilSlot 20
callEndpoint @"grab" h2 ()
s <- waitNSlots 1
Extras.logInfo $ "reached " ++ show s

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{-# LANGUAGE DataKinds #-}
{-# LANGUAGE DeriveAnyClass #-}
{-# LANGUAGE DeriveGeneric #-}
{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleContexts #-}
{-# LANGUAGE NoImplicitPrelude #-}
{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
{-# LANGUAGE ScopedTypeVariables #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TemplateHaskell #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TypeApplications #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TypeFamilies #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TypeOperators #-}
{-# OPTIONS_GHC -fno-warn-unused-imports #-}
module Week04.Vesting where
import Control.Monad hiding (fmap)
import Data.Aeson (ToJSON, FromJSON)
import Data.Map as Map
import Data.Text (Text)
import Data.Void (Void)
import GHC.Generics (Generic)
import Plutus.Contract
import PlutusTx (Data (..))
import qualified PlutusTx
import PlutusTx.Prelude hiding (Semigroup(..), unless)
import Ledger hiding (singleton)
import Ledger.Constraints as Constraints
import qualified Ledger.Typed.Scripts as Scripts
import Ledger.Ada as Ada
import Playground.Contract (printJson, printSchemas, ensureKnownCurrencies, stage, ToSchema)
import Playground.TH (mkKnownCurrencies, mkSchemaDefinitions)
import Playground.Types (KnownCurrency (..))
import Prelude (IO, Semigroup (..), Show (..), String)
import Text.Printf (printf)
data VestingDatum = VestingDatum
{ beneficiary :: PubKeyHash
, deadline :: POSIXTime
} deriving Show
PlutusTx.unstableMakeIsData ''VestingDatum
{-# INLINABLE mkValidator #-}
mkValidator :: VestingDatum -> () -> ScriptContext -> Bool
mkValidator dat () ctx = traceIfFalse "beneficiary's signature missing" signedByBeneficiary &&
traceIfFalse "deadline not reached" deadlineReached
where
info :: TxInfo
info = scriptContextTxInfo ctx
signedByBeneficiary :: Bool
signedByBeneficiary = txSignedBy info $ beneficiary dat
deadlineReached :: Bool
deadlineReached = contains (from $ deadline dat) $ txInfoValidRange info
data Vesting
instance Scripts.ValidatorTypes Vesting where
type instance DatumType Vesting = VestingDatum
type instance RedeemerType Vesting = ()
typedValidator :: Scripts.TypedValidator Vesting
typedValidator = Scripts.mkTypedValidator @Vesting
$$(PlutusTx.compile [|| mkValidator ||])
$$(PlutusTx.compile [|| wrap ||])
where
wrap = Scripts.wrapValidator @VestingDatum @()
validator :: Validator
validator = Scripts.validatorScript typedValidator
valHash :: Ledger.ValidatorHash
valHash = Scripts.validatorHash typedValidator
scrAddress :: Ledger.Address
scrAddress = scriptAddress validator
data GiveParams = GiveParams
{ gpBeneficiary :: !PubKeyHash
, gpDeadline :: !POSIXTime
, gpAmount :: !Integer
} deriving (Generic, ToJSON, FromJSON, ToSchema)
type VestingSchema =
Endpoint "give" GiveParams
.\/ Endpoint "grab" ()
give :: AsContractError e => GiveParams -> Contract w s e ()
give gp = do
let dat = VestingDatum
{ beneficiary = gpBeneficiary gp
, deadline = gpDeadline gp
}
tx = mustPayToTheScript dat $ Ada.lovelaceValueOf $ gpAmount gp
ledgerTx <- submitTxConstraints typedValidator tx
void $ awaitTxConfirmed $ txId ledgerTx
logInfo @String $ printf "made a gift of %d lovelace to %s with deadline %s"
(gpAmount gp)
(show $ gpBeneficiary gp)
(show $ gpDeadline gp)
grab :: forall w s e. AsContractError e => Contract w s e ()
grab = do
now <- currentTime
pkh <- pubKeyHash <$> ownPubKey
utxos <- Map.filter (isSuitable pkh now) <$> utxoAt scrAddress
if Map.null utxos
then logInfo @String $ "no gifts available"
else do
let orefs = fst <$> Map.toList utxos
lookups = Constraints.unspentOutputs utxos <>
Constraints.otherScript validator
tx :: TxConstraints Void Void
tx = mconcat [mustSpendScriptOutput oref $ Redeemer $ PlutusTx.toBuiltinData () | oref <- orefs] <>
mustValidateIn (from now)
ledgerTx <- submitTxConstraintsWith @Void lookups tx
void $ awaitTxConfirmed $ txId ledgerTx
logInfo @String $ "collected gifts"
where
isSuitable :: PubKeyHash -> POSIXTime -> TxOutTx -> Bool
isSuitable pkh now o = case txOutDatumHash $ txOutTxOut o of
Nothing -> False
Just h -> case Map.lookup h $ txData $ txOutTxTx o of
Nothing -> False
Just (Datum e) -> case PlutusTx.fromBuiltinData e of
Nothing -> False
Just d -> beneficiary d == pkh && deadline d <= now
endpoints :: Contract () VestingSchema Text ()
endpoints = (give' `select` grab') >> endpoints
where
give' = endpoint @"give" >>= give
grab' = endpoint @"grab" >> grab
mkSchemaDefinitions ''VestingSchema
mkKnownCurrencies []

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module Week04.Writer where
import Control.Monad
import Week04.Monad
data Writer a = Writer a [String]
deriving Show
number :: Int -> Writer Int
number n = Writer n $ ["number: " ++ show n]
tell :: [String] -> Writer ()
tell = Writer ()
foo :: Writer Int -> Writer Int -> Writer Int -> Writer Int
foo (Writer k xs) (Writer l ys) (Writer m zs) =
let
s = k + l + m
Writer _ us = tell ["sum: " ++ show s]
in
Writer s $ xs ++ ys ++ zs ++ us
bindWriter :: Writer a -> (a -> Writer b) -> Writer b
bindWriter (Writer a xs) f =
let
Writer b ys = f a
in
Writer b $ xs ++ ys
foo' :: Writer Int -> Writer Int -> Writer Int -> Writer Int
foo' x y z = x `bindWriter` \k ->
y `bindWriter` \l ->
z `bindWriter` \m ->
let s = k + l + m
in tell ["sum: " ++ show s] `bindWriter` \_ ->
Writer s []
foo'' :: Writer Int -> Writer Int -> Writer Int -> Writer Int
foo'' x y z = do
s <- threeInts x y z
tell ["sum: " ++ show s]
return s
instance Functor Writer where
fmap = liftM
instance Applicative Writer where
pure = return
(<*>) = ap
instance Monad Writer where
return a = Writer a []
(>>=) = bindWriter